The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease
Corresponding Author
Marilyn S. Albert
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Corresponding author. Tel.: 410-614-3040; Fax: 410-502-2189.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSteven T. DeKosky
Office of the Dean, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDennis Dickson
Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBruno Dubois
Institute for Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, INSERM Unit Cognition, Neuro-imagerie et maladies due Cerveau, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorHoward H. Feldman
Bristol-Myers Squibb Neuroscience, Wallingford, CT, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNick C. Fox
Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorAnthony Gamst
Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid M. Holtzman
Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam J. Jagust
Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRonald C. Petersen
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPeter J. Snyder
Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCreighton H. Phelps
National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Marilyn S. Albert
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Corresponding author. Tel.: 410-614-3040; Fax: 410-502-2189.
E-mail address: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this authorSteven T. DeKosky
Office of the Dean, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDennis Dickson
Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
Search for more papers by this authorBruno Dubois
Institute for Memory and Alzheimer's Disease, INSERM Unit Cognition, Neuro-imagerie et maladies due Cerveau, Groupe Hospitalier Pitie-Salpetriere, Paris, France
Search for more papers by this authorHoward H. Feldman
Bristol-Myers Squibb Neuroscience, Wallingford, CT, USA
Search for more papers by this authorNick C. Fox
Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Search for more papers by this authorAnthony Gamst
Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorDavid M. Holtzman
Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
Search for more papers by this authorWilliam J. Jagust
Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
Search for more papers by this authorRonald C. Petersen
Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Search for more papers by this authorPeter J. Snyder
Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
Search for more papers by this authorCreighton H. Phelps
National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
Search for more papers by this authorAbstract
The National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer's Association charged a workgroup with the task of developing criteria for the symptomatic predementia phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD), referred to in this article as mild cognitive impairment due to AD. The workgroup developed the following two sets of criteria: (1) core clinical criteria that could be used by healthcare providers without access to advanced imaging techniques or cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and (2) research criteria that could be used in clinical research settings, including clinical trials. The second set of criteria incorporate the use of biomarkers based on imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measures. The final set of criteria for mild cognitive impairment due to AD has four levels of certainty, depending on the presence and nature of the biomarker findings. Considerable work is needed to validate the criteria that use biomarkers and to standardize biomarker analysis for use in community settings.
References
- [1]CR JackJr., MS Albert, DS Knopman, GM McKhann, RA Sperling, MC Carrillo, et al. Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7: 2011; 257–262
- [2]GM McKhann, DS Knopman, H Chertkow, BT Hyman, CR JackJr., CH Kawas, et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7: 2011; 263–269
- [3]RA Sperling, PS Aisen, LA Beckett, DA Bennett, S Craft, AM Fagan, et al. Towards defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement. 7: 2011; 280–292
- [4]C Lyketsos, C Colenda, C Beck, K Blank, M Doraiswamy, D Kalunian, et al. Position statement of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry regarding principles of care for patients with dementia resulting from Alzheimer's disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 14: 2006; 561–572
- [5]RC Petersen, G Smith, S Waring, R Ivnik, E Tangalos, E Kokmen, et al. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 56: 1999; 303–308
- [6]RC Petersen. Mild cognitive impairment. J Int Med. 256: 2004; 183–194
- [7]B Dubois, HH Feldman, C Jacova, ST DeKosky, P Barberger-Gateau, J Cummings, et al. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol. 6: 2007; 734–746
- [8]D Bennett, J Schneider, J Bienias, D Evans, R Wilson. Mild cognitive impairment is related to Alzheimer pathology and cerebral infarctions. Neurol. 64: 2005; 834–841
- [9]WR Markesbery, RA Schmitt, RJ Kryscio, D Davis, C Smith, D Wekstein. Neuropathologic substrate of mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 63: 2006; 38–46
- [10]RC Petersen, JE Parisi, DW Dickson, K Johnson, D Knopman, B Boeve, et al. Neuropathologic features of amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol. 63: 2006; 665–672
- [11]B Winblad, K Palmer, M Kivipelto, V Jelic, L Fratiglioni, A Nordberg, et al. Mild cognitive impairment—beyond controversies, towards a consensus: report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Intern Med. 256: 2004; 240–246
- [12]G Schellenberg. Early Alzheimer's disease genetics. J Alzheimers Dis. 9: 2006; 367–372
- [13]L Bertram, C Lill, R Tanzi. The genetics of Alzheimer disease: back to the future. Neuron. 21: 2010; 270–281
- [14]D Selkoe. Defining molecular targets to prevent Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol. 62: 2005; 192–195
- [15]K Blennow, H Hampel. Cerebrospinal fluid markers for incipient Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2: 2003; 605–613
- [16]L Shaw, H Vanderstichele, M Knapik-Czajka, C Clark, P Aisen, R Petersen, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Ann Neurol. 65: 2009; 403–413
- [17]AM Fagan, MA Mintun, RH Mach, S Lee, C Dence, A Shah, et al. Inverse relation between in vivo amyloid imaging load and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 in humans. Ann Neurol. 59: 2006; 512–519
- [18]M Atiya, B Hyman, M Albert, R Killiany. Structural magnetic resonance imaging in established and prodromal Alzheimer's disease: a review. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 17: 2003; 177–195
- [19]K Kantarci, C Jack. Neuroimaging in Alzheimer's disease: an evidenced-based review. Neuroimaging Clin North Am. 13: 2003; 197–209
- [20]W Jagust. Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prediction of dementia. Alzheimers Dement. 2: 2006; 36–42
- [21]C Jack, V Lowe, M Senjem, S Weigand, B Kemp, M Shiung, et al. 11C PiB and structural MRI provide complementary information in imaging of Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Brain. 131: 2008; 665–680
- [22]H Hampel, R Frank, K Broich, S Teipel, R Katz, K Herholtz, et al. Biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease: academic, industry and regulatory perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 9: 2010; 560–574
